To the question of neuroimmune mechanisms in the formation of perinatal brain damage
Keywords:
newborn, brain, immunity, cytokines, microglial cells, ontogenesisAbstract
The article is devoted to the urgent problem of neonatology, perinatal neurology and immunology, in particular neuroimmunology — to questions about the neuroimmune mechanisms of the formation of perinatal brain damage in newborns. The embryonic period of the development of the nervous system of the fetus is presented, which is characterized by the formation and maturation of the main links of non-specific and adaptive (specific) immunity. In particular, we form non-specific mechanisms of the resistance of the immune system, which play a major role in protecting the child's body in the early stages of ontogenesis. It was determined that the interaction of the immune and nervous systems is complex, starting from the induction of their afferent departments in the early stages of immunogenesis and ending with the subsequent activation of the efferent units of these systems. The basis of this interaction is the ability of cytokines to act as both an immunoregulator and a neuropeptide simultaneously. The contemporary literature data on the immunoprotected, neurotoxic, and neuroprotective functions of CNS microglial cells are highlighted. The origin and development of microglia is presented. The heterogeneity of these cells was analyzed, their physiological role in a healthy body, the monitoring of the activity of living neurons, and their response to pathological conditions are shown. Some literature data on the anti-inflammatory and remyelinating function of microglia and its humoral factors are presented. The article highlights the basic principles of the interaction of the nervous and immune systems, as well as some questions about the role of neuroimmune mechanisms in the formation of perinatal brain damage, it is indicated that, in the formation and progression of posthypoxic encepholopathy, the trigger factor is local inflammation with subsequent accumulation of antibodies and secondary alteration of the blood-brain barrier. Some literature data on the participation of neuroimmune mechanisms in the formation of cerebral palsy are presented. Mitosis, migration of neurons to the cortex and subcortical structures, as well as, which is very important in the period of ontogenesis, axonal synaptogenesis with target cells and the formation of functional systems are associated with the periventricular region. The predictability of pathological changes, in particular the periventricular region, is due to immunological imbalance. The interest in considering the cytokine system is explained by the involvement of these mediators of intercellular interaction in the pathogenesis of periventricular leukomalacia, as one of the main pathomorphological substrates in cerebral palsy in premature babies. The study of the population composition of immunocompetent cells, mediators of their intercellular interaction, and markers of the permeability of the blood-brain barrier in case of hypoxic-ischemic damage to the central nervous system of varying severity will highlight new links in the neuroimmune conflict in the pathogenesis of neurological disorders in newborns, in particular premature and young children.References
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