Modern view of allergic rhinitis in children
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.15574/SP.2024.5(141).6065Keywords:
allergic rhinitis, children, allergic diseases, аsthma, risk factors, complicationsAbstract
Aim - to conduct analysis of modern data on the prevalence, risk factors, etiopathogenesis, features of the course, approaches to the diagnosis and treatment of allergic rhinitis in children.
Allergic rhinitis is the most common allergic disease in children, the prevalence of which is increasing every year in developed countries around the world. Allergic rhinitis is a chronic inflammatory disease of the nasal mucosa caused by an IgE-mediated type I hypersensitivity reaction. Heredity and environmental factors contribute to the development of allergic rhinitis in children. In turn, allergic rhinitis is a risk factor for the development of asthma and sleep disorders and insomnia and difficulty waking up and daytime sleepiness and morning headaches. Allergic rhinitis leads to the formation of sinusitis and olfactory disorders and acute otitis media and conductive hearing loss and inflammation of the pulp and periodontal disease, which must be taken into account when treating children with allergic rhinitis. In the treatment of allergic rhinitis in children, a graded approach to pharmacological therapy and non-pharmacological methods of treatment are used. Non-pharmacological measures include environmental control and elimination of allergens. According to the course of the disease, new-generation antihistamines and intranasal corticosteroids, and individually selected allergen-specific immunotherapy are prescribed as medications.
Conclusions. Analysis of scientific sources shows that AR is the most common chronic disease in children, which reduces the quality of life. AR is a risk factor for the formation of asthma and the development of complications. Timely diagnosis and rational treatment of allergic rhinitis in children helps to effectively control symptoms and prevent complications and improve the quality of life of patients and their families.
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
References
Agüeroa CA, Sarraquignea MP, Parisia CA et al. (2023). Allergic rhinitis in pediatrics: recommendations for diagnosis and treatment. Arch Argent Pediatr. 121(2): e202202894. doi: https://doi.org/10.5546/aap.2022-02894
Beken B, Eguiluz-Gracia I, Yazıcıoğlu M, Campo P. (2020). Local allergic rhinitis: a pediatric perspective. Turk J Pediatr. 62(5): 701-710. https://doi.org/10.24953/turkjped.2020.05.001
Bousquet J, Toumi M, Sousa-Pinto B et al. (2022). The Allergic Rhinitis and Its Impact on Asthma (ARIA) Approach of Value-Added Medicines: As-Needed Treatment in Allergic Rhinitis. 10-11: 2878-2888. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaip.2022.07.020
Ciprandi G, Tosca MA, Gallo F, Passali GC, Ameli F. (2020). Turbinate hypertrophy in children with allergic rhinitis: clinical relevance. Acta Biomed. 91(1-S): 43-47. doi: 10.23750/abm.v91i1-S.9254.
Cohen B. (2023). Allergic Rhinitis. Pediatr Rev. 1; 44(10): 537-550. https://doi.org/10.1542/pir.2022-005618
D'Elia C, Gozal D, Bruni O, Goudouris E, Meira E Cruz M. (2022). Allergic rhinitis and sleep disorders in children - coexistence and reciprocal interactions. J Pediatr (Rio J). 98(5): 444-454. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jped.2021.11.010
Drazdauskaitė G, Layhadi JA, Shamji MH. (2020). Mechanisms of Allergen Immunotherapy in Allergic Rhinitis. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep. 21(1): 2. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11882-020-00977-7
Forcelini CM, Ramos M, Santos IFD, Brackmann G, Bernardon LG, Corbellini APZ, Perin BV. (2019). The influence of allergic rhinoconjunctivitis on migraine disability in children. Arq Neuropsiquiatr. 77(6): 418-423. https://doi.org/10.1590/0004-282x20190058
Ho CL, Wu WF. (2021). Risk factor analysis of allergic rhinitis in 6-8 year-old children in Taipei. PLoS One. 2; 16(4): e0249572. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0249572
Kim SH, Lee J, Oh I, Oh Y, Sim CS, Bang JH et al. (2021). Allergic rhinitis is associated with atmospheric SO2: Follow-up study of children from elementary schools in Ulsan, Korea. PLoS One. 16(3): e0248624. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0248624
Lai WY, Wei CC, Wan L, Mai CH, Lin CL, Tsai JD. (2021). Allergic rhinitis and dental-supporting tissue diseases in children. Medicine (Baltimore). 100(7): e24780. https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000024780
Licari A, Magri P, De Silvestri A, Giannetti A, Indolfi C, Mori F et al. (2023). Epidemiology of Allergic Rhinitis in Children: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 11(8): 2547-2556. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaip.2023.05.016
Malizia V, Ferrante G, Cilluffo G, Fasola S, Montalbano L, La Grutta S. (2021). Rhinomanometry: point of care test (POCT) for allergic rhinitis in children? Allergol Immunopathol (Madr). 1; 49(5): 28-31. https://doi.org/10.15586/aei.v49i5.429
Norhafizah S, Salina H, Goh BS. (2020). Prevalence of allergic rhinitis in children with otitis media with effusion. Eur Ann Allergy Clin Immunol. 52(3): 121-130. https://doi.org/10.23822/EurAnnACI.1764-1489.119
Richards M, Ferber J, Li DK, Darrow LA. (2020). Cesarean delivery and the risk of allergic rhinitis in children. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 125(3): 280-286.e5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anai.2020.04.028
Scadding GK, Smith PK, Blaiss M, Roberts G, Hellings PW, Gevaert P et al. (2021). Allergic Rhinitis in Childhood and the New EUFOREA Algorithm. Front. Allergy 2: 706589. https://doi.org/10.3389/falgy.2021.706589
Stern J, Chen M, Fagnano M, Halterman JS. (2023). Allergic rhinitis co-morbidity on asthma outcomes in city school children. J Asthma. 60(2): 255-261. https://doi.org/10.1080/02770903.2022.2043363
Tukur AR, Mahmud A, Jibril YN, Jalo RI, Salisu AD. (2022). Allergic rhinitis: An indicator of otitis media with effusion in children seen at aminu kano teaching hospital, Kano. Niger J Clin Pract. 25(10): 1725-1730. https://doi.org/10.4103/njcp.njcp_206_22
Volosovets О, Beketova G, Berezenko V, Umanets T, Rechkina O, Mitjurjajeva-Korneyko I et al. (2021). Allergic Rhinitis in Children of Ukraine: Transformation of Morbidity and Prevalence over the Past 24 Years. Pediatrics. Eastern Europe. 9: 3. https://doi.org/10.34883/PI.2021.9.3.003
Wang Q, Guo Y, Wu X, Pan Z, Pan S, Xu S et al. (2022). Effect of allergic rhinitis on sleep in children and the risk factors of an indoor environment. Sleep Breath. 26(3): 1265-1275. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11325-021-02546-2
Wise SK, Damask C, Roland LT, Ebert C et al. (2023). International consensus statement on allergy and rhinology: Allergic rhinitis. Int Forum Allergy Rhinol. 13(4): 293-859. https://doi.org/10.1002/alr.23090
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2024 Modern pediatrics. Ukraine
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
The policy of the Journal “MODERN PEDIATRICS. UKRAINE” is compatible with the vast majority of funders' of open access and self-archiving policies. The journal provides immediate open access route being convinced that everyone – not only scientists - can benefit from research results, and publishes articles exclusively under open access distribution, with a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 international license (СС BY-NC).
Authors transfer the copyright to the Journal “MODERN PEDIATRICS. UKRAINE” when the manuscript is accepted for publication. Authors declare that this manuscript has not been published nor is under simultaneous consideration for publication elsewhere. After publication, the articles become freely available on-line to the public.
Readers have the right to use, distribute, and reproduce articles in any medium, provided the articles and the journal are properly cited.
The use of published materials for commercial purposes is strongly prohibited.
