The effects of vitamins A, E, D, disorders of their metabolism and the assessment of level of vitamin security in children (literature review)
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.15574/SP.2021.114.58Keywords:
vitamins A, E, D, vitamin deficiency, hypovitaminosis, hypervitaminosis, dysvitaminosis, polyvitaminosis, childrenAbstract
Vitamins are a group of biologically highly active, low molecular weight organic compounds of various chemical nature, which are practically not synthesized in the human body or are synthesized in insufficient quantities, mainly income with food, and are vital to ensure for the flow and regulation of metabolic processes in the body. Vitamins are micronutrients that are among the essential (essential) factors of nutrition, their content in food is small, usually in the range from 10 to 100 mg/100 g. Vitamins have an exceptional property — the ability to high biological activity in small doses, without being a source of energy or plastic material, act as biological catalysts for vital body functions. According to physicochemical properties and solubility, vitamins A, E, D belong to fat-soluble, are characterized by thermal stability, resistant to cysts and alkalis, their main characteristic is the ability to promote the assimilation of mаcro- and microelements. Vitamins A, E, D are needed at all stages of growth and development of the child's body, the processes of adaptation. The main types of vitamins metabolism disorders are vitamin deficiency, hypo-, hyper- and dysvitaminosis, polyvitaminosis. It is important to constantly monitor the sufficient content of each vitamins in the daily diet of children. The following methods of assessing vitamin supply are known: clinical, biochemical, calculation of vitamin content.
Purpose — to increase knowledgment about the effects of vitamins A, E, D, their importance in metabolism, to analyze the main types of their metabolism disorders, to present possible methods for assessing the supply of vitamins in children.
Conclusions. The child's body needs a constant supply of vitamins to maintain their amount at the required level. All vital processes take place in the body during the direct participation of vitamins. Future research in the field of the vitamins A, E, D effects will contribute to a better understanding of their role in ensuring the optimal functioning in a human body. Screening and elimination of vitamin A, E, D deficiency in children can not only improve health, but also help increase the life quality.
No conflict of interest was declared by the authors.
References
Boyarchuk OR, Dobrovolska LI, Kinash MI, Shulhai OM, Hlushko KT, Horishnyi IM. (2019). Survey assesment of vitamin D and calcium dietary intake in children with somatic pathology. Voprosy pitaniia (Problems of Nutrition). 88 (5): 53-62. URL: https://www.voprosy-pitaniya.ru/ru/jarticles_diet/739.html?SSr=110134622314ffffffff27c__07e5020b0e0b14-57d6. doi: 10.24411/0042-8833-2019-10054.
Chlopicka J, Pasko P. (2020). Supplements (Vitamins, Minerals, and Micronutrients). Encyclopedia of Biomedical Gerontology. Academic Press: 313-325. URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128012383113698. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-801238-3.11369-8
Cilla A, Zanirato V, Rodriguez Estrada MT, Garcia Llatas G. (2014). Nutriential Hazards: Micronutrients: Vitamins and Minerals. Encyclopedia of Food Safety. Academic Press: 86-94. URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780123786128004315. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-378612-8.00431-5
Combet E, Buckton C. (2019). Micronutrient deficiencies, vitamin pills and nutritional supplements. Medicine. 47 (3): 145-151. URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1357303918303098. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mpmed.2018.12.004
Economos CD, Moore CE, Hyatt RR, Kuder J, Chen T, Meydani SN, Meydani M, Klein E, Biancuzzo RM, Holick MF. (2014). Multinutrient-Fortified Juices Improve Vitamin D and Vitamin E Status in Children: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics. 114 (5): 709-717. URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2212267213011830. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jand.2013.07.027; PMid:24139824
Ellison DL, Moran HR. (2020). Vitamin D: Vitamin or Hormone? Nursing Clinics of North America: 129-148. doi: 10.1016/j.cnur.2020.10.004. URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0029646520300827.
Fares S, Sethom MM, Khouaja Mokrani C, Jabnoun S, Feki M, Kaabachi N. (2014). Vitamin A, E, and D Deficiencies in Tunisian Very Low Birth Weight Neonates: Prevalence and Risk Factors, Pediatrics & Neonatology. 55 (3): 196-201. URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1875957213001800. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pedneo.2013.09.006; PMid:24289974
Gush L, Shah S, Gilani F. (2021). Chapter 23 - Macronutrients and micronutrients. A Prescription for Healthy Living, Academic Press: 255-273. URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128215739000230. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-821573-9.00023-0
Kinash MI, Boyarchuk OR. (2020). Fat-soluble vitamins and immunodeficiency: mechanisms of influence and opportunities for use. Voprosy pitaniia (Problems of Nutrition). 89 (3): 22-32. URL: https://www.voprosy-pitaniya.ru/ru/jarticles_diet/784.html?SSr=130134622314ffffffff27c__07e5020b0e0d19-5bec. doi: 10.24411/0042-8833-2020-10026.
Lyubomirskaya ES, Kamyshnyi AM, Krut1 YYa, Smiianov VA, Fedoniuk LYa, Romanyuk LB, Kravets NYa, Mochulska OM. (2020). SNPs and Transcriptional Activity of Genes of Innate and Adaptive Immunity at the Maternal Fetal Interface in Woman with Preterm Labour, Associated with Preterm Premature Rupture of Membranes. Wiadomosci Lekarskie. 73 (1): 25-30. URL: https://wiadlek.pl/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/WLek202001104.pdf. doi: 10.36740/WLek202001104.
Martinez Moneo E, Stigliano S, Hedstrom A, Kaczka A, Malvik M, Waldthaler A, Maisonneuve P, Simon P, Capurso G. (2016). Deficiency of fat-soluble vitamins in chronic pancreatitis: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Pancreatology. 16 (6): 988-994. URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1424390316312054. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pan.2016.09.008; PMid:27681502
Mason JB. (2012). 225 - Vitamins, Trace Minerals, and Other Micronutrients. Goldman's Cecil Medicine (Twenty Fourth Edition): e47 e56. URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9781437716047005583. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-1-4377-1604-7.00558-3
Mendu VV, Nair KP, Athe R. (2019). Systematic review and meta-analysis approach on vitamin A fortified foods and its effect on retinol concentration in under 10 year children. Clinical Nutrition ESPEN. 30: 126-130. URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2405457718306272. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnesp.2019.01.005; PMid:30904212
Nkhata SG, Chilungo S, Memba A, Mponela P. (2020). Biofortification of maize and sweetpotatoes with provitamin A carotenoids and implication on eradicating vitamin A deficiency in developing countries. Journal of Agriculture and Food Research. 2: 100 168. URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666154320300491. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jafr.2020.100068
Peng J, Liu Y, Xie J, Yang G, Huang Z. (2020). Effects of vitamin D on drugs: Response and disposal. Nutrition. 74: 110-174. URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0899900720300174. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nut.2020.110734; PMid:32179384
Pidruchna SR, Melnyk NA, Mochulska OM, Horishniy IM, Sheremet MI. (2019). Dynamics of indicators of cellular immunity in conditions of acute generalized peritonitis in rats. Biointerface Research in Applied Chemistry. 9 (6): 4663 4666. URL: https://biointerfaceresearch.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/2069583796663666.pdf. https://doi.org/10.33263/BRIAC96.663666
Tan Y, McClements DJ. (2021). Improving the bioavailability of oil-soluble vitamins by optimizing food matrix effects: A review. Food Chemistry. 348: 129 148. URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0308814621001503. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.129148; PMid:33515946
Torquato P, Marinelli R, Bartolini D, Giusepponi D, Cruciani G, Siragusa L, Galarini R, Sebastiani B, Gioiello A, Galli F. (2020). Chapter 24 - Vitamin E: metabolism and molecular aspects. Molecular Nutrition, Academic Press: 487 518. URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128119075000208. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-811907-5.00020-8
Zhang X, Liu Z, Xia L, Gao J, Xu F, Chen H, Du Y, Wang W. (2020). Clinical features of vitamin D deficiency in children: A retrospective analysis. The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. 196: 105 121. URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960076019302316. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsbmb.2019.105491; PMid:31586638
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2021 Modern Pediatrics. Ukraine
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
The policy of the Journal “MODERN PEDIATRICS. UKRAINE” is compatible with the vast majority of funders' of open access and self-archiving policies. The journal provides immediate open access route being convinced that everyone – not only scientists - can benefit from research results, and publishes articles exclusively under open access distribution, with a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 international license (СС BY-NC).
Authors transfer the copyright to the Journal “MODERN PEDIATRICS. UKRAINE” when the manuscript is accepted for publication. Authors declare that this manuscript has not been published nor is under simultaneous consideration for publication elsewhere. After publication, the articles become freely available on-line to the public.
Readers have the right to use, distribute, and reproduce articles in any medium, provided the articles and the journal are properly cited.
The use of published materials for commercial purposes is strongly prohibited.