Prognostic significance of the breast milk microRNA impact on the immune response of a newborn with intrauterine growth retardation
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.15574/SP.2021.113.53Keywords:
intrauterine growth retardation, intrauterine growth restriction, IGR, breast milk, microRNA, miR, immune response, immunity, reviewAbstract
This literature review provides current information about intrauterine growth retardation (IGR) as one of the causes of perinatal morbidity and mortality. There is a sustaining trend to augmentation of the UGR level despite the new methods of diagnostics, treatment and prevention development. Furthermore, there is high percentage of complications among children with IGR at any age. Therefore, early diagnostics of accompanying diseases in children with IGR sparks the interest, especially in view of the fact the new diagnostic methods incipience. The article highlights the features of the neonatal immune response, including the one in children with IGR. These data indicate the predominance of non-specific immune response over specific one, prevalence of generalized inflammation, decreased activity of phagocytes, neutrophils, specific antigen-presenting cells (APC) as a response to most of the Toll-like receptor agonists (TLRAs), high levels of interleukin-6 and interleuken-23. Moreover, analyzed sources demonstrate spurt of growth of the levels of proinflammatory factors, despite the fact of their relatively low levels in neonates with IGR right after birth. Increased levels of proinflammatory cytokines on the ground of systemic inflammation is an unfavorable factor of the course of the disease. In addition, the review contents the information about microRNA presence in the breast milk. MicroRNAs are small non-coding RNAs of 19–23 nucleotides in length that regulate the expression of the target gene. Breast milk microRNAs are resistant to the enzymes of the gastrointestinal tract of the child and are mainly absorbed. There are the data, proving the change of the transcriptome of the breast milk microRNA depending on the gestational age, the nature of labor, the mother's diet, her medication. According to the mentioned studies, the breast milk microRNA, that are detected in the early stages of lactation (miR-155, miR-148a, miR-146b, miR-181a, miR-181b, miR-17), probably change the levels of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines and regulate acuity of the child's immune response. Research of the breast milk microRNA may be important for the prediction of the presence of possible inflammatory complications in a child with IGR. We used such databases as Scopus, Web of Science, MedLine, PubMed, Google Scholar, CyberLeninka, RSCI for writing the article.
No conflict of interest was declared by the author.
Key words: intrauterine growth retardation, intrauterine growth restriction, IGR, breast milk, microRNA, miR, immune response, immunity, review.
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