Iodine Deficiency in the World and in Ukraine: Current State of the Problem
Keywords:
children, pregnant women, iodine deficiency, iodine supplementsAbstract
Today, efforts of governments and communities are aimed at coping with severe impacts of new viral disease outbreaks caused by SARS-Cov-2. However, there are gaps in care for patients with many chronic diseases, and programs to prevent the most common conditions are being prevented or stopped. This applies to diseases directly related to eating disorders. To solve the problem at the population level, it is critically necessary to adopt legislative acts regulating the universal iodization of table salt in the country. Currently, in Ukraine, potassium iodate is used for salt enrichment, which is a more stable compound than iodide that was used earlier. Potassium iodate allows you to store iodized salt for a year or more, does not change the taste and smell of food, and can be used for preserving and storing food. For the most vulnerable categories of the population (newborns, children, pregnant women and mothers who are breastfeeding), the use of iodine supplements remains relevant. The optimal tool for such preventive interventions is supplements containing the physiological dose of iodine. On the Ukrainian market, they are presented in the form of pills of potassium iodide with a content of 100 mcg and 200 mcg of iodine. The common goal should be Ukraine without iodine deficiency, where each person receives the amount of iodine corresponding to their needs, and children are provided with the opportunity for adequate intellectual development.
References
Agostoni C, Decsi T, Fewtrell M et al. (2008). Complementary feeding: a commentary by the ESPGHAN Committee on Nutrition. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 46: 99-110. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.mpg.0000304464.60788.bd; PMid:18162844
Angermayr L, Clar C. (2004). Iodine supplementation for preventing iodine deficiency disorders in children. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2. Art No: CD003819. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD003819.pub2; PMid:15106221
Bill&Melinda Gates Foundation. (2020). Doubling down on food fortification to fortify the future. URL: https://www.gatesfoundation.org/TheOptimist/Articles/food-fortification-to-fortify-the-future.
Bouhouch RR, Bouhouch S, Cherkaoui M, Aboussad A et al. (2014). Direct Iodine Supplementation of Infants Versus Supplementation of Their Breastfeeding Mothers: a DoubleBlind, Randomised, Placebo-Controlled Trial. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2 (3): 197-209. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2213-8587(13)70155-4
De-Regil LM, Harding KB, PenaRosal GP. (2015). Iodine Supplementation for Women During the Preconception, Pregnancy and Postpartum Period (Protocol). Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews: 6. №CD011761. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD011761
Fore Dongyu, Beasley Ghebreysus. (2020, Aug 22). Child malnutrition and COVID-19: the time to act is now. The Lancet: 396. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31648-2
Headey et al. (2020, July 27). Impacts of COVID-19 on childhood malnutrition and nutrition-related mortality. The Lancet. URL: https://www.the-lancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(20)31647- 0/fulltext.
Iodine Global Network. (2019). Annual report 2019. URL: https://www.ign.org/cm_data/2019_IGN_Annual_Report_051820.pdf.
Iodine Global Network. (2020). COVID-19 is making it harder for vulnerable people to access healthy food. URL: https://www.ign.org/covid-19-is-making-it-harder-for-vulnerable-people-to-access-healthy-food.htm.
Jorgensen A, O'Leary P, James I, Skea S, Sherriff J. (2016). Assessment of Breast Milk Iodine Concentrations in Lactating Women in Western Australia. Nutrients. 8: 699-706. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu8110699; PMid:27827913 PMCid:PMC5133086
Keats et al. (2019, April 17). Improved micronutrient status and health outcomes in low- and middle-income countries following large-scale fortification: evidence from a systematic review and meta-analysis. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. URL: https://academic.oup.com/ajcn/article/109/6/1696/547506. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/nqz023; PMid:30997493 PMCid:PMC6537942
Kravchenko VI, Tronko MD, Melnychenko VM ta in. (2002). Vyvchennia yodnoi zabezpechenosti ditei m. Kyieva. Likarska sprava. (8): 59-62.
Kravchenko VI. (2016). Yodnyi defitsyt yak prychyna vysokoi rozpovsiudzhenosti tyreoidnoi patolohii sered naselennia rehioniv, shcho postrazhdaly pislia avarii na ChAES. Zhurnal NAMN Ukrainy. 2 (22): 222.
Laborde, Martin, Vos. (2020, April 16). Poverty and food insecurity could grow dramatically as COVID-19 spreads. URL: https://www.ifpri.org/blog/povertyand-food-insecurity-could-grow-dramatically-covid-19-spreads. https://doi.org/10.2499/p15738coll2.133762_02
Mamenko ME. (2010). Profilaktika yodnogo defitsita (k voprosu o neobhodimosti prinyatiya natsionalnoy programmyi). Sovremennaya pediatriya. 2: 39-45.
Mamenko MYe. (2017). Prevention of iodine deficiency disorders: what should know and can do a pediatrician and general practitioner? (Clinical practice guideline). Sovremennaia pedyatryia. 2 (82): 8-16. https://doi.org/10.15574/SP.2017.82.8
Pankiv VI. (2008). Yodnyi defitsyt i vahitnist: stan problemy ta shliakhy yii vyrishennia. Zdorovia Ukrainy. 5 (14): 27-34.
Pankiv VI. (2013). Endemichnyi zob (iododefitsytni zakhvoriuvannia). Novosti meditsinyi i farmatsii. 2 (8).
Reuters staff. (2020, April 21). Global hunger could double due to COVID-19 blow: U.N. URL: https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-un-food/global-hunger-could-doubledue-to-covid-19-blow-u-n-idUSKBN22313U.
United Nations. (2020, June). Policy Brief: The Impact of COVID-19 on Food Security and Nutrition. United Nations. URL: https://reliefweb.int/report/world/policy-brief-impact-covid-19-food-security-and-nutrition-june-2020.
WHO. (2007). Secretariat on behalf of the participants to the Consultation: Prevention and control of iodine deficiency in pregnant and lactating women and in children less than 2: years:old: conclusions and recommendations of the technical consultation. Public Health Nutr. 10: 1606-1611. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1368980007361004; PMid:18053287
WHO. (2007). Assessment of the Iodine Deficiency Disorders and monitoring their elimination: a guide for programmer managers. 3rd ed. Geneva: 98.
WHO. (2020). Food and nutrition tips during self-quarantine. URL: https://www.euro.who.int/en/health-topics/health-emer gencies/ coronavirus-covid-19/publications-and-technical-guidance/food-and-nutrition-tips-during-self-quarantine.
World Health Organization. (2014). Guideline: fortification of food-grade salt with iodine for the prevention and control of iodine deficiency disorders. Geneva: World Health Organization: 44. ISBN 9789241507929.
Wu T, Liu GJ, Li P, Clar C. (2002). Iodised salt for preventing iodine deficiency disorders. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews: 3. Art No: CD003204. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD003204; PMid:12137681
Zhou SG, Anderson AG, Gibson RA, Makrides M. (2013). Effect of Iodine Supplementation in Pregnancy on Child Development and other Clinical Outcomes: a Systematic Review and Randomized Controlled Trials. Am J Clin Nutr. 98: 1241-1254. https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.113.065854; PMid:24025628
Zimmermann MB, Anderson M. (2012). Assessment of iodine nutrition in populations: past, present, and future. Nutrition Reviews. 70 (10): 553-570. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1753-4887.2012.00528.x; PMid:23035804
Zimmermann MB. (2012). The Effects of Iodine Deficiency in Pregnancy and Infancy. Pediatric and Perinatal. Epidemiology. 26: 108-117. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3016.2012.01275.x; PMid:22742605
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
The policy of the Journal “MODERN PEDIATRICS. UKRAINE” is compatible with the vast majority of funders' of open access and self-archiving policies. The journal provides immediate open access route being convinced that everyone – not only scientists - can benefit from research results, and publishes articles exclusively under open access distribution, with a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 international license (СС BY-NC).
Authors transfer the copyright to the Journal “MODERN PEDIATRICS. UKRAINE” when the manuscript is accepted for publication. Authors declare that this manuscript has not been published nor is under simultaneous consideration for publication elsewhere. After publication, the articles become freely available on-line to the public.
Readers have the right to use, distribute, and reproduce articles in any medium, provided the articles and the journal are properly cited.
The use of published materials for commercial purposes is strongly prohibited.
